What Does Ecological Farming Mean for Farm Labour?

Summary Ecological farming, such as organic and low‐input is gaining popularity in the public discourse. One question how this type of farming may impact farm labour from a socio‐economic point view. The article first discusses practices (i.e. with lower reliance on inputs derived fossil fuels) affect economic returns to labour, measured farm’s revenue per hour input, data Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) 2004‐‐2015 for four European countries. Returns appear be highest at two extremes – very farms highly intensive farms. Farms end spectrum are minority, while overwhelming majority have internal incentives intensify further. also analyses working conditions differ between conventional dairy countries based interviews farmers 2019. Results show that all dimensions affected by being an or not, but not only factor. There many influences conditions, production context workforce composition.